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Edit File Name : Util.pm

# List::Util.pm
#
# Copyright (c) 1997-2009 Graham Barr <gbarr@pobox.com>. All rights reserved.
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
#
# This module is normally only loaded if the XS module is not available

package List::Util;

use strict;
require Exporter;

our @ISA        = qw(Exporter);
our @EXPORT_OK  = qw(first min max minstr maxstr reduce sum sum0 shuffle);
our $VERSION    = "1.27";
our $XS_VERSION = $VERSION;
$VERSION    = eval $VERSION;

require XSLoader;
XSLoader::load('List::Util', $XS_VERSION);

sub sum0
{
   return 0 unless @_;
   goto &sum;
}

__END__

=head1 NAME

List::Util - A selection of general-utility list subroutines

=head1 SYNOPSIS

use List::Util qw(first max maxstr min minstr reduce shuffle sum);

=head1 DESCRIPTION

C<List::Util> contains a selection of subroutines that people have
expressed would be nice to have in the perl core, but the usage would
not really be high enough to warrant the use of a keyword, and the size
so small such that being individual extensions would be wasteful.

By default C<List::Util> does not export any subroutines. The
subroutines defined are

=over 4

=item first BLOCK LIST

Similar to C<grep> in that it evaluates BLOCK setting C<$_> to each element
of LIST in turn. C<first> returns the first element where the result from
BLOCK is a true value. If BLOCK never returns true or LIST was empty then
C<undef> is returned.

$foo = first { defined($_) } @list    # first defined value in @list
    $foo = first { $_ > $value } @list    # first value in @list which
                                          # is greater than $value

This function could be implemented using C<reduce> like this

$foo = reduce { defined($a) ? $a : wanted($b) ? $b : undef } undef, @list

for example wanted() could be defined() which would return the first
defined value in @list

=item max LIST

Returns the entry in the list with the highest numerical value. If the
list is empty then C<undef> is returned.

$foo = max 1..10                # 10
    $foo = max 3,9,12               # 12
    $foo = max @bar, @baz           # whatever

This function could be implemented using C<reduce> like this

$foo = reduce { $a > $b ? $a : $b } 1..10

=item maxstr LIST

Similar to C<max>, but treats all the entries in the list as strings
and returns the highest string as defined by the C<gt> operator.
If the list is empty then C<undef> is returned.

$foo = maxstr 'A'..'Z'          # 'Z'
    $foo = maxstr "hello","world"   # "world"
    $foo = maxstr @bar, @baz        # whatever

This function could be implemented using C<reduce> like this

$foo = reduce { $a gt $b ? $a : $b } 'A'..'Z'

=item min LIST

Similar to C<max> but returns the entry in the list with the lowest
numerical value. If the list is empty then C<undef> is returned.

$foo = min 1..10                # 1
    $foo = min 3,9,12               # 3
    $foo = min @bar, @baz           # whatever

This function could be implemented using C<reduce> like this

$foo = reduce { $a < $b ? $a : $b } 1..10

=item minstr LIST

Similar to C<min>, but treats all the entries in the list as strings
and returns the lowest string as defined by the C<lt> operator.
If the list is empty then C<undef> is returned.

$foo = minstr 'A'..'Z'          # 'A'
    $foo = minstr "hello","world"   # "hello"
    $foo = minstr @bar, @baz        # whatever

This function could be implemented using C<reduce> like this

$foo = reduce { $a lt $b ? $a : $b } 'A'..'Z'

=item reduce BLOCK LIST

Reduces LIST by calling BLOCK, in a scalar context, multiple times,
setting C<$a> and C<$b> each time. The first call will be with C<$a>
and C<$b> set to the first two elements of the list, subsequent
calls will be done by setting C<$a> to the result of the previous
call and C<$b> to the next element in the list.

Returns the result of the last call to BLOCK. If LIST is empty then
C<undef> is returned. If LIST only contains one element then that
element is returned and BLOCK is not executed.

$foo = reduce { $a < $b ? $a : $b } 1..10       # min
    $foo = reduce { $a lt $b ? $a : $b } 'aa'..'zz' # minstr
    $foo = reduce { $a + $b } 1 .. 10               # sum
    $foo = reduce { $a . $b } @bar                  # concat

If your algorithm requires that C<reduce> produce an identity value, then
make sure that you always pass that identity value as the first argument to prevent
C<undef> being returned

$foo = reduce { $a + $b } 0, @values;             # sum with 0 identity value

=item shuffle LIST

Returns the elements of LIST in a random order

@cards = shuffle 0..51      # 0..51 in a random order

=item sum LIST

Returns the sum of all the elements in LIST. If LIST is empty then
C<undef> is returned.

$foo = sum 1..10                # 55
    $foo = sum 3,9,12               # 24
    $foo = sum @bar, @baz           # whatever

This function could be implemented using C<reduce> like this

$foo = reduce { $a + $b } 1..10

If your algorithm requires that C<sum> produce an identity of 0, then
make sure that you always pass C<0> as the first argument to prevent
C<undef> being returned

$foo = sum 0, @values;

=item sum0 LIST

Similar to C<sum>, except this returns 0 when given an empty list, rather
than C<undef>.

=back

=head1 KNOWN BUGS

With perl versions prior to 5.005 there are some cases where reduce
will return an incorrect result. This will show up as test 7 of
reduce.t failing.

=head1 SUGGESTED ADDITIONS

The following are additions that have been requested, but I have been reluctant
to add due to them being very simple to implement in perl

# One argument is true

sub any { $_ && return 1 for @_; 0 }

# All arguments are true

sub all { $_ || return 0 for @_; 1 }

# All arguments are false

sub none { $_ && return 0 for @_; 1 }

# One argument is false

sub notall { $_ || return 1 for @_; 0 }

# How many elements are true

sub true { scalar grep { $_ } @_ }

# How many elements are false

sub false { scalar grep { !$_ } @_ }

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<Scalar::Util>, L<List::MoreUtils>

=head1 COPYRIGHT

=cut